and Russia before 1914 18 Britain's distrust of 18 entry into the First World War (1914) 3, 62
Tsarina and Rasputin rule during the
First World War 4, 67, 148, 300 Ukraine issue 19-21 competition with Germany 19, 24 lacks a government (1917) 71, 72, 73 war aims 95, 97, 98, 100 'secret treaties' 95, 96, 101 see also Soviet Union; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Army
Northern Army Group 210
Fifth Army 210
Northern Army 102
Russian Army of the Caucasus 98, 101
Western Army 102
Third Cavalry Corps 113, 114, 118, 120
First Machine Gun Regiment 103-4,
105, 109
Latvian Rifleman 132m, 267 Preobrazhensky Guards 146 desertion 126
disintegration of 110, 126, 163
peasant soldiers 126 see also Russian Imperial Army Russian Civil War (1917-21) 6, 140, 141, 168,
199, 257, 273, 283
start of 168, 169
puts totalitarian communism in power 1, 8
'War Communism' 7-8, 196-7, 242, 274,
277, 278 Lenin on 128, 129, 134, 135 peasantry in 7-8, 38 struggle between Bolshevik Reds and
opposition Whites 187 breakdown in food supply as a great
challenge 218, 219 defeat of White forces 218, 221 New Economic Policy 219-20 and Stalin's Novosibirsk speech (1928) 221
and the agricultural cycle 228 Bolsheviks' victory 7, 26 and revolutionary socialism 275 shapes the violent culture of the Bolshevik regime 124 Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (the RKP(b)) 271 Moscow Committee 275 Russian empire 12, 20, 26, 34, 38, 204, 267 Russian Fascists 30 Russian Federation 31 Russian Foreign Ministry 96, 100 Russian Historical Society 165 Russian Imperial Army
Imperial Guard's actions on 'Bloody
Sunday' (9 January 1905) 2-3 mutiny of First Battalion,
Preobrazhensky Guards (1906) 13 the tsar orders full mobilisation (1914) 62 in Petrograd barracks 68-9 mutiny of Pavlovsk Guards in February
Revolution 69 troops join the demonstrators 4, 69 Northern Army headquarters, Pskov 73 front-line units' oath of allegiance to Michael 80
Lenin demands its demolition 94 weakened by Bolsheviks 4 loss of support for Kerensky's
government 5 'Black Sea division' 96
'Tsargradsky regiment' 96 see also Russian Army Russian Justice Ministry 105 Russian Ministry of War 112, 125 Russian navy
in Russian Revolution of 1905 13 Baltic fleet 75, 101n, 115, 132n, 190, 208 Black Sea fleet 75, 97, 101-2 reconnaissance probe of Constantinople
(March 1917) 97 Naval General Staff 208 Russian Orthodox Church
made a department of state under Peter
the Great 143 hostility of the Bolsheviks 8, 249 confiscation of Church valuables (1922) 8, 244-61 Ukrainian allegiance to 20 and Stolypin's reforms 42 and famine relief 245, 252 church-state relations 246, 247, 251, 256 Local Council (Pomestnyi Sobor) 255 concordat with Stalin (1943) 257 hounding of 260 Russian Parliament 297 Russian Revolution (1905) 2, 3, 207 causes 2
'Bloody Sunday' (9 January 1905) 2-3,
144-5, 149
and creation of Duma 3, 13, 34, 66, 145-6 October Manifesto 13, 46 constitution 13 peasant revolt 13 and foreign intervention 14-16 Russian Revolution (1991) 284, 285 common features with the 1917 revolution 293-8 Russian Revolutions (1917) and rise of Nazism 1, 59 common features with the 1991
revolution 293-8 China as the most significant
inheritance 299 see also April Days; February Revolution; July Days; October Revolution Russian Social Democratic Party 94 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) 2, 39, 66,
144, 208, 286 Ruzsky, General Nikolai 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 210
Rykov, Alexei 232, 268
St John Baptist Church, Mokhovaya Street,
Moscow 259 St Petersburg built by Peter the Great 292 bicentenary (1903) 32 'Bloody Sunday' (9 January 1905) 2-3 Nicholas II's attitude to 35 demonstrations during First Balkan War 54
renamed Leningrad (1924-91) 263, 298 renamed Petrograd (1914-24) 3 renamed St Petersburg (from 1991) 298 see also Leningrad; Petrograd St Petersburg Courier 60, 63 St Pitirim's Church, Kievskaia ulitsa,
Petrograd 255 saints' relics, exposure of 250 Sakharov, Andrei 285 Samara province 126, 205-6, 226, 233 Saratov province 33, 34, 41, 126 Sassnitz, Germany 93 Savinkov, Boris 112-13, 114, 117, 118, 119, 191-2
Sazonov, Sergei 56, 61, 62, 96, 100 Schiemann, Professor Theodor 15 Schmidt, Axel 60-61 Schwarzenberg, Felix 16 Second World 12
Second World War 1, 12, 28, 161, 291 and rise of Nazism 1 always a likely outcome of 1918 25
eastern Europe falls under Russian rule
25
may have been avoided if Germany had
won the First World War 28 some authoritarian regime countries freed 12 secret ballot 153 secret police Cheka 6, 156, 198 Okhrana 37, 65, 70 fall of tsar's secret police 95 Sedova, Natalia 252 Semyonov, Grigory 182, 184, 187 Serbia 54, 57, 60, 61 Serbs 25
serfs see under peasantry
Sergeii (Patriarchal locum tenens) 246
Sevastopol 101, 102, 202, 216, 255
naval base 209 Sheglovitoff (ex-Minister) 192 Shliapnikov, A. 131 Shlusselburg Castle 166 Shlyapnikov, Alexander 276 Shmidt, V. 131
Shulgin, Vasily 77-81, 83, 84, 85, 89 Shuya (textile town) 253 Siberia exile in 143-4
massacre of strikers in (1912) 147 tsar imprisoned in 6, 166 opposition to the Bolsheviks by the Komuch 7
British diplomatic support to local anti-
Bolshevik government 202 Soviet government loses control 205 and Komuch forces 206 and Kolchak 209, 210 no history of serfdom in 216-17 and Trotsky's proposal 230 'raiding banditry' in 236 grain procurement 237-8 a so-called 'grain-rich' province 239 Siberian Army 212, 223 Sigunov, Ivan 224, 229 Simbirsk 226
Sinop, Turkey 102 Sirotino 85 Skrypnik, Nikolai 186 Slavs Rasputin on 55 pan-Slavists 60 Austrian 98
demands for independence 285-6 Smilga, Ivar 132n Smoke of the Fatherland 53, 54 Smolny Palace, Petrograd 5, 123, 124, 127, 136
social estates (sosloviia) 34 socialism 1, 14, 95, 101, 111, 197, 201, 262, 274, 278, 292
and capitalism 281 democratic 263, 283 proletarian 271
revolutionary 265, 267, 269-70, 275, 280, 282
rush away from since 1991 299 Soviet 221, 243
'with a human face' 262-3, 264 Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR) 203, 219, 231
Central Committee 208 Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) 29,
134, 139, 210
and the peasantry 94-5, 153, 155, 206, 216-17
opposition to the 'imperialist war' 99 and an all-socialist government 127 move to the left 128 and armed insurrection 135 Mensheviks and SR delegates walk out
of the Congress 137, 138 seizure of power splits the socialist
movement in Russia 140, 182 arrests after October revolution 194 and November 1917 elections 155, 183 wants to avoid civil war at all costs 159 and Kaplan 180, 181, 187 committed to toppling tsarism 180 aims at a democratic socialism 180 Central Committee 187
Fighting Committee (Terror Brigade) 191-2
eclipsed and destroyed by zealots of
Bolshevism 180-81 and assassination attempt on Lenin 194 and creation of Komuch 206 Left SRs 136-7, 269 Right SRs 140, 188 Socialist Youth International 92 Sokolov, Nikolai 59 Soldatskaia Pravda 102-3 Soloviev, Boris 59, 168-9 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 37, 264, 279-80
The Red Wheel 29 sosloviia (social estates) 34 Soviet Communist Party see Communist
Party of the Soviet Union Soviet Congress, Smolny Palace, Petrograd, 25 October 1917 000 plans to form a socialist coalition
government 5, 124, 127, 137, 138, 140 delegates 125-6, 136-7, 138 Lenin's insistence on coup preparations
before the Congress 130-35 postponement of 133 told of Lenin's pre-emptive seizure of
power 137 Mensheviks and SR delegates walk out