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Yagubov, S., Stalin byl voxhdem rabochego dvizheniya v Baku, Moscow 1947.

Yergin, Daniel, The Prize, London 1991.

Zhukov, Y., “Gori-Tbilisi,” Novy Mir, 12 December 1939.

Illustrations

1878–1904

Mugshot of Stalin, 19121

School photo, late 1880s2

Stalin’s birthplace in Gori1

Official photo of Beso, Stalin’s father3

Stalin’s mother, Keke1

Koba Egnatashvili18

Sasha Egnatashvili18

Damian Davrichewy4

Stalin in 1893, aged sixteen5

Stalin in 18961

Seminary photo, late 1890s1

Fire at an oil refinery6

Rothschild oil refinery, Batumi6

Hashimi Smirba6

Group photo in Kutaisi Prison, 19036

Novaya Uda6

Kutaisi Prison6

Stalin’s cell6

Natasha Kirtava6

Olga Alliluyeva3

Olga and her children3

1905–1910

Kamo3

Stalin’s network of street children, 19057

Okhrana agents pose in their street costumes3

Stalin, ca. 1905–65

Trotsky5

Lenin, ca. 19055

Kato Svanidze1

Kato Svanidze, headshot, from gravestone, Tbilisi3

Daily Mirror extract, 16 May 19078

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party agreement3

Daily Mirror extract, 27 June 19078

Daily Mirror extract, 15 May 19078

Mugshot of Kamo from the police files, ca. 19081

Sergo Ordzhonikidze1

Baku oil fountain5

Nagayev’s Palace in Baku9

Burning oil wells, Baku, 14 September 190310

Murtuza Mukhtarov and his wife, Liza11

Stalin with Kato’s family beside her dead body, 19071

Alvasi Talakvadze6

Ludmilla Stal11

Stalin1

Stalin when he was arrested in 19101

1910–1917

Stalin with Spandarian in 19151

Backs of postcards12

Front of postcard1

Maria Kuzakova with her son Constantine and his baby3

Mugshot of Stalin when he was arrested in 19111

Stalin’s apartment block in Vienna13

Lenin’s flat in Cracow1

Roman Malinovsky3

Stalin in 19131

Tatiana Slavatinskaya16

Kureika, photographed in the 1930s1

Ostyak tribesman with reindeer on the Arctic Circle14

Alexander Davidov17

Lidia Pereprygina17

Bolshevik exiles photographed at Monastyrskoe in the summer of 19151

Vera Shveitzer14

KGB boss Serov’s memo to Khrushchev in 1956, about the investigation into Stalin’s affair with thirteen-year-old Lidia Pereprygina12

Taurida Palace3

Soldiers in St. Petersburg, February—March 19173

1917–1918

Lenin addresses the crowds from Kseshinskaya’s palace in St. Petersburg, July 19173

July Days coup3

Nadya Alliluyeva1

Stalin’s bedroom in the Alliluyev apartment3

Lenin1

Smolny and new Soviet government, 19173

The first meeting of the new government15

Lenin’s orders to his guards on access to his office15

Stalin5

Alexandra Kollontai and Pavel Dybenko ca. 19175

Stalin, ca. 19175

The author and publishers offer their thanks to the following for their kind permission to reproduce images:

1. David King Collection

2. Stalin House Museum, Gori

3. Author’s collection

4. Davrichewy Family Collection

5. RIA Novosti

6. Khariton Akhvlediani State Museum, Batumi

7. Georgian Filial Institute of Marxism-Leninism (GF IML)

8. Mirrorpix

9. Getty

10. Roger Viollet / Topfoto

11. Azerbaijan International Magazine

12. RGASPI

13. Lisa Train

14. Dr. Piers Vitebsky

15. Smolny Institute Museum

16. Achinsk Regional Museum (ARM)

17. The Sunday Times (London)

18. Egnatashvili Family Collection

While every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be happy to acknowledge them in future editions.

1878–1904

Stalin, the merciless, paranoid dictator in training. Here is the supreme secret operator, vigilant arch-conspirator, consummate politician, mastermind of criminal and political violence, Marxist fanatic in a fedora, stiff collar and silk cravat. A police mug shot from 1912.

Already a charismatic leader, the schoolboy Soso Djugashvili, the future Stalin, about ten years old. Smaller than his contemporaries, overcoming a series of illnesses and accidents to become an outstanding student and star choirboy, he suggested the taking of this photograph, ordered the photographer, arranged the sitting and placed himself in his favourite commanding position: back centre.

Soso became a streetfighter, gang leader and charismatic manipulator in the rough streets of Gori, one of the most violent towns in the Tsar’s empire: Religious holidays were celebrated with organized brawls involving the entire population, from toddlers to greybeards. Stalin’s birthplace is the house is on the left.

Left: Dubious parent—the official image of “Crazy Beso” Djugashvili, cobbler, alcoholic, wife-and child-beater. Stalin refused to confirm this was his father. Jealousy drove Beso mad. Right: Keke Djugashvili, Stalin’s remarkable mother, in old age. In youth she was pretty and intelligent, but forceful, sarcastic and outspoken—like her son. Powerful men protected her from Beso.

Stalin’s real father? Koba Egnatashvili, a wrestler and rich innkeeper, was a local hero who loved, funded and protected Soso.

Stalins half brother? Soso grew up with the dashing Egnatashvilis, including another wrestler and entrepreneur, Sasha, whom he later promoted to Kremlin courtier, NKVD General and trusted food taster. Sasha was nicknamed “the Rabbit.”

Gori police chief Damian Davrichewy so flirted with Keke that Beso tried to kill him. His son, Josef (above), was Stalin’s childhood friend and claimed to be his half brother. He and Stalin became the most notorious (and successful) bank robbers and terrorists in the Caucasus.

Above left: His mother’s delight. In 1893, Soso Djugashvili, scholar and chief chorister, studied for the priesthood at the Tiflis seminary, which resembled a Victorian English public school run by priests. Adolescent Soso (late 1890s, above right) soon caused havoc in the seminary (above, in his priestly robes, back row, second from left) by embracing Marxism and running an outrageous duel of wits with the priest he nicknamed “the Black Spot.”